Telescope to Observe Planetary Systems (TOPS): a high throughput 1.2-m visible telescope with a small inner working angle

The Telescope to Observe Planetary Systems (TOPS) is a proposed space mission to image in the visible (0.4-0.9 micron) planetary systems of nearby stars simultaneously in 16 spectral bands (resolution R~20). For the ~10 most favorable stars, it will have the sensitivity to discover 2 R_E rocky planets within habitable zones and characterize their surfaces or atmospheres through spectrophotometry. Many more massive planets and debris discs will be imaged and characterized for the first time. With a 1.2m visible telescope, the proposed mission achieves its power by exploiting the most efficient and robust coronagraphic and wavefront control techniques. The Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph used by TOPS allows planet detection at 2 lambda/d with nearly 100% throughput and preserves the telescope angular resolution. An efficient focal plane wavefront sensing scheme accurately measures wavefront aberrations which are fed back to the telescope active primary mirror. Fine wavefront control is also performed independently in each of 4 spectral channels, resulting in a system that is robust to wavefront chromaticity.Comment: 12 pages, SPIE conference proceeding, May 2006, Orlando, Florid

Governance of Arctic Marine Shipping

The governance of shipping activities in the Arctic might be described as a “complicated mosaic.” The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), often referred to as the constitution of the oceans, sets out the overall legal framework for the regulation of shipping. The Convention sets out coastal state legislative and enforcement powers over foreign ships according to the maritime zones of jurisdiction laid out in the Convention. A fragmented array of international agreements attempts to address specific challenges raised by shipping such as marine pollution prevention standards, ship safety, seafarer rights and qualifications, and liability and compensation for spills (Appendix A). In addition, the threats raised to/by ships operating in ice-covered waters have led northern countries that border these waters, such as Canada and Russia, to adopt national legislation specifically for Arctic shipping (Appendix B)

Governance of Arctic Marine Shipping

The governance of shipping activities in the Arctic might be described as a complicated mosaic The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS often referred to as the constitution of the oceans sets out the overall legal framework for the regulation of shipping The Convention sets out coastal state legislative and enforcement powers over foreign ships according to the maritime zones of jurisdiction laid out in the Convention A fragmented array of international agreements attempts to address specific challenges raised by shipping such as marine pollution prevention standards ship safety seafarer rights and qualifications and liability and compensation for spills Appendix A In addition the threats raised toby ships operating in icecovered waters have led northern countries that border these waters such as Canada and Russia to adopt national legislation specifically for Arctic shipping Appendix

Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): Survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND Long-term hormone therapy has been the standard of care for advanced prostate cancer since the 1940s. STAMPEDE is a randomised controlled trial using a multiarm, multistage platform design. It recruits men with high-risk, locally advanced, metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer who are starting first-line long-term hormone therapy. We report primary survival results for three research comparisons testing the addition of zoledronic acid, docetaxel, or their combination to standard of care versus standard of care alone. METHODS Standard of care was hormone therapy for at least 2 years; radiotherapy was encouraged for men with N0M0 disease to November, 2011, then mandated; radiotherapy was optional for men with node-positive non-metastatic (N+M0) disease. Stratified randomisation (via minimisation) allocated men 2:1:1:1 to standard of care only (SOC-only; control), standard of care plus zoledronic acid (SOC + ZA), standard of care plus docetaxel (SOC + Doc), or standard of care with both zoledronic acid and docetaxel (SOC + ZA + Doc). Zoledronic acid (4 mg) was given for six 3-weekly cycles, then 4-weekly until 2 years, and docetaxel (75 mg/m(2)) for six 3-weekly cycles with prednisolone 10 mg daily. There was no blinding to treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was overall survival. Pairwise comparisons of research versus control had 90% power at 2·5% one-sided α for hazard ratio (HR) 0·75, requiring roughly 400 control arm deaths. Statistical analyses were undertaken with standard log-rank-type methods for time-to-event data, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs derived from adjusted Cox models. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00268476) and ControlledTrials.com (ISRCTN78818544). FINDINGS 2962 men were randomly assigned to four groups between Oct 5, 2005, and March 31, 2013. Median age was 65 years (IQR 60-71). 1817 (61%) men had M+ disease, 448 (15%) had N+/X M0, and 697 (24%) had N0M0. 165 (6%) men were previously treated with local therapy, and median prostate-specific antigen was 65 ng/mL (IQR 23-184). Median follow-up was 43 months (IQR 30-60). There were 415 deaths in the control group (347 [84%] prostate cancer). Median overall survival was 71 months (IQR 32 to not reached) for SOC-only, not reached (32 to not reached) for SOC + ZA (HR 0·94, 95% CI 0·79-1·11; p=0·450), 81 months (41 to not reached) for SOC + Doc (0·78, 0·66-0·93; p=0·006), and 76 months (39 to not reached) for SOC + ZA + Doc (0·82, 0·69-0·97; p=0·022). There was no evidence of heterogeneity in treatment effect (for any of the treatments) across prespecified subsets. Grade 3-5 adverse events were reported for 399 (32%) patients receiving SOC, 197 (32%) receiving SOC + ZA, 288 (52%) receiving SOC + Doc, and 269 (52%) receiving SOC + ZA + Doc. INTERPRETATION Zoledronic acid showed no evidence of survival improvement and should not be part of standard of care for this population. Docetaxel chemotherapy, given at the time of long-term hormone therapy initiation, showed evidence of improved survival accompanied by an increase in adverse events. Docetaxel treatment should become part of standard of care for adequately fit men commencing long-term hormone therapy. FUNDING Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer, Janssen, Astellas, NIHR Clinical Research Network, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research

Research on Youth Exposure to, and Management of, Cyberbullying Incidents in Australia. Part C: An Evidence-base Assessment of Deterrents to Youth Cyberbullying. Appendix C: Findings of Research with Youth

The Australian Government Department of Communications commissioned the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) at the UNSW Australia, the University of South Australia, the University of Western Sydney, and the Young and Well CRC to research youth exposure to, and management of, cyberbullying incidents in Australia. The research aims to provide the Australian Government with evidence relating to the desirability of whether to create a new, separate cyberbullying offence and in its consideration of a new civil enforcement regime for instances where the victims and cyberbullies are Australian minors at the time of the incidents. The methods employed in this research were designed to maximise stakeholder reach and engagement. This appendix presents the detailed methodology and findings of a crowdsourcing survey that examined the awareness and understanding of young people (aged 15-24) in relation to the potential criminality of cyberbullying, appropriate penalties, the range of sentencing options and the deterrent impact of these. The survey also explored perspectives about where young people should be able to find information about cyberbullying. A national youth crowdsourcing campaign (survey) was conducted between 17 February and 7 April 2014 to explore these issues. The findings in this appendix support the Part C Report: An evidence-based assessment of deterrents to youth cyberbullying. The findings of the adult engagement component of this research are presented separately in Appendix B to the same Report

Research on Youth Exposure to, and Management of, Cyberbullying Incidents in Australia. Part C: An Evidence-based Assessment of Deterrents to Youth Cyberbullying. Appendix A: Literature Review – International Responses to Youth Cyberbullying and Current Australian Legal Context

This literature review was designed to contribute to the evidence-base to determine if a new, simplified cyberbullying offence or a new civil enforcement regime were introduced, how such an offence or regime could be implemented, in conjunction with the existing criminal offences, to have the greatest material deterrence effect. It has drawn upon intersecting domains related to understanding the construct of cyberbullying, as embedded within the literatures of aggression and bullying; and the law as employed in international and Australian settings. This literature review supports the Part C Report: An evidence-based assessment of deterrents to youth cyberbullying

Research on Youth Exposure to, and Management of, Cyberbullying Incidents in Australia. Part C: An Evidence-based Assessment of Deterrents to Youth Cyberbullying. Appendix D: Supplementary Data and Analysis

The Australian Government Department of Communications commissioned the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) at UNSW Australia, the University of South Australia, the University of Western Sydney, and the Young and Well CRC to research youth exposure to, and management of, cyberbullying incidents in Australia. The research aims to provide the Australian Government with evidence relating to the desirability of whether to create a new, separate cyberbullying offence and in its consideration of a new civil enforcement regime for instances where the victims and cyberbullies are Australian minors at the time of the incidents. This appendix presents supplementary data and analysis that supports the Part C Report: An evidence-based assessment of deterrents to youth cyberbullying

Research on Youth Exposure to, and Management of, Cyberbullying Incidents in Australia. Part C: An Evidence-based Assessment of Deterrents to Youth Cyberbullying. Appendix B: Findings of Research with Adult Stakeholders

The Australian Government, as represented by the Department of Communications, commissioned the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) at UNSW Australia, the University of South Australia, the University of Western Sydney, and the Young and Well CRC to research youth exposure to, and management of, cyberbullying incidents in Australia. The research aims to provide the Australian Government with evidence relating to the desirability of whether to create a new, separate cyberbullying offence and in its consideration of a new civil enforcement regime for instances where the victims and cyberbullies are Australian minors at the time of the incidents. The research methods employed were designed to maximise stakeholder reach and engagement, and capitalise on the collective expertise and experiences of a wide range of stakeholders. A number of adult stakeholders were surveyed and engaged (through interviews and workshops) to develop the evidence-base to determine if a new, simplified cyberbullying offence or a new civil enforcement regime were introduced, how such an offence or regime could be implemented, in conjunction with the existing criminal offences, to have the greatest material deterrence effect. This appendix presents the detailed methodology and findings from engaging adult stakeholders in support of the Part C Report: An evidence-based assessment of deterrents to youth cyberbullying. The findings of the youth engagement component of this research are presented separately in Appendix C to the report

Governance of Arctic Marine Shipping

The governance of shipping activities in the Arctic might be described as a “complicated mosaic.” The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), often referred to as the constitution of the oceans, sets out the overall legal framework for the regulation of shipping. The Convention sets out coastal state legislative and enforcement powers over foreign ships according to the maritime zones of jurisdiction laid out in the Convention. A fragmented array of international agreements attempts to address specific challenges raised by shipping such as marine pollution prevention standards, ship safety, seafarer rights and qualifications, and liability and compensation for spills (Appendix A). In addition, the threats raised to/by ships operating in ice-covered waters have led northern countries that border these waters, such as Canada and Russia, to adopt national legislation specifically for Arctic shipping (Appendix B)